No crystal ball

The growing uptake of predictive maintenance technologies is enabling a new era of informed plant intervention. Far from gazing into crystal balls, today's predictive maintenance technologies are science-based. They are also increasingly easy to use, with modern equipment requiring less in the way of specialist user training, while some developers also offer interpretation services. Either way, users readily testify to the equipment's ability to reveal emerging problems in both rotating plant and static structures long before anything even slightly wrong is apparent to human eye or ear. Vibration analysis is probably the most common predictive maintenance technique, and is highly productive for relatively expensive, high-speed rotating plant. Newcomers to the technology need to know that today's vibration analysers are capable of displaying the full vibration spectrum across multiple axes simultaneously – providing a detailed snapshot of what is going on – and that assistance is available to ease interpretation. Next, acoustic emissions analysis can be performed at a sonic or ultrasonic level, with the newer sensing techniques making it possible to 'hear' excess stress, particularly in slowly rotating machinery. As you might expect, ultrasonic technology is sensitive to high frequency sounds, inaudible to the human ear, making it adept at distinguishing latent mechanical problems from lower frequency mechanical sounds. Then there is infrared (thermal) analysis, increasingly accepted as having the widest range of application – providing early warning of mechanical maintenance requirements in everything from high- to low-speed rotating plant, as well as electrical issues on all kinds of plant and equipment, including motors, but also wiring looms, connectors and busbars. As is often the case, the sheer spread of options in these technology areas alone gives managers – in football parlance – a real selection headache. Yet, whatever your choice, no predictive maintenance technology is a substitute for professional plant installation, commissioning and basic maintenance procedures. As Phil Burge, communication manager at bearings expert SKF, puts it: "In many instances, plant failure is due not to normal wear, but incorrect installation and maintenance of equipment and components." He's right: it is common for shafts to be misaligned, for rotating parts to be incorrectly balanced, but also for lubrication equipment and systems to be under-specified for a task. "It is estimated that 16% of all bearing failures, for example, are due to incorrect installation," he warns. Burge is not alone in advocating the use of appropriate equipment, such as alignment tools, for commissioning and maintenance, but also automatic lubricators, to improve operational performance and equipment life in many plant situations. He also reminds plant managers that the latest laser-based devices allow technicians to align shafts using real-time information, permitting the results of corrections to be 'seen' as they are being performed. Benefits, he insists, then include reduced energy consumption, vibration, noise, and stress on couplings and seals – as well as downtime and maintenance. Returning to predictive maintenance, though, Ernesto Wiedenbrug, project manager at Baker Instrument (part of SKF specialising in electrical motor test equipment, represented in the UK by Whitelegg Machines), suggests that even workhorse vibration monitoring is not used to anything like its full capability – a situation that he blames on so many motors and/or driven loads being inaccessible. For him, that's why advances in electrical online motor monitoring are so important – opening up alternative opportunities for predictive maintenance. Such systems look at several electric motor parameters, specifically now including instantaneous torque signatures, which Wiedenbrug argues are very good for highlighting mechanical problems well before failure. "The main benefit lies in the ease of assessment for both trained and untrained technicians," he insists. "Frequently, maintenance professionals ask why go to the trouble of torque calculation? Well, online monitoring of a pump motor [for example], using torque signatures, in comparison with current signals, provides a clear indication of why," he continues. "Using current, it is often impossible to differentiate between the signatures for good and poor operation. However, torque signatures show tremendous differences. Basic understanding of pump operations, for instance, tells us that in steady state operation they show very little torque ripple. Torque signatures offer a simple, intuitive and conclusive assessment of problems, such as pump cavitation, mechanical imbalance and bearing problems, where current versus time measurements cannot." Indeed, the methodology has been put to good use recently by a power generation plant in North Carolina, which harnessed a Baker Explorer to evaluate its 1,100kW, 4,160V submerged pumps online. The Explorer detected a problem with a slow turning pump (272rpm, 2.1m diameter), which exhibited an operating torque level 27% below the other two twin systems, with a significantly higher level of torque ripple. The pump was raised for visual examination, and diagnosis found that over time the bolts that attached the end-bell to the pump had rusted and broken. This had allowed the end-bell to fall 6m into the water pit – meaning no more laminar water flow. The knock-on result was some cavitation, even with decreased water flow. Both of these problems were diagnosed by maintenance professionals looking at the steady state torque and its signature. Without the Explorer, this problem would have remained undetected until further and more costly problems developed. Of course, there are plenty of applications where relatively straightforward vibration monitoring remains ideal for plant predictive maintenance – but even these might benefit from recent improvements. Take wind turbines: Schaeffler has released a combination online oil and vibration monitoring system, designed to detect the earliest signs of damage to heavy duty, oil-lubricated industrial gears. On the oil analysis side, the FAG wear debris monitor uses an inductive particle counter that distinguishes between ferrous and non-ferrous particles in the lubricating oil. On a typical industrial gearbox application, the sensor is installed in the oil flow, directly before the oil filter, or as a separate circuit. Meanwhile, the unit also monitors vibration of the machine and its components, covering rolling bearings and gear wheels. Schaeffler claims that by installing vibration sensors on the machine and/or gearbox, the system can detect changes in operating behaviour – providing both belt and braces. When it comes to thermal cameras, most experts would say simply that would be users are spoilt for choice and that a little homework is required before choosing a suitable model. Flir, for example, suggests that engineers should always make sure that an infrared camera meets the minimum industry standard sensitivity of ±2% or 2.2°C, whichever is greater. If the specification of the model being considered can't perform at this minimum level, look for an alternative camera. Why is this important? Quite simply, accurate measurement equals efficient fault finding. And on that note, it's also worth remembering that, just as with digital cameras, the quality of images from an infrared camera is determined by the number of pixels – the better the resolution, the sharper the infrared image. There is a caveat here, however: if an infrared camera boasts 640 x 480 pixels resolution, check that this refers to detector resolution and not just the resolution of the LCD display – which cannot make up for an inferior detector. One company benefiting from Flir thermal imaging technology as part of its predictive maintenance programme is Medite Europe, an MDF manufacturer based in Clonmel, Ireland. Medite's plant manager says that regular infrared maintenance surveys, conducted by thermographic consultant Bob Berry, have helped to ensure the factory's smooth running for more than 10 years. Interestingly, despite such long experience, consistency of measurement here has recently been boosted – in this case, by the introduction of a Flir Meterlink Bluetooth wireless connection between the infrared camera and electrical test and measurement instruments. Essentially, Meterlink allows measurement data from the electrical meters to be embedded in the infrared images, bringing greater intelligence to the infrared inspection. A final thought though: predictive maintenance is one thing, but sometimes an event happens that prompts plant engineers to consider some form of 'precautionary' maintenance. Take the aerospace industry and last year's ash cloud debacle. Aircraft passing close to the cloud were subject to careful scrutiny on return, as the presence of ash in the engines could have catastrophic consequences. Rather than simply strip engines down on the off-chance of discovering colonised ash, an innovative form of endoscope from Ashtead Technology was deployed at Avalon Aero, based at Biggin Hill Airport in Kent. Avalon performed internal inspections of engines following flights in the 'red zone', an area in which ash might be encountered, but was deemed safe to fly by the Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre. Martin Darling, Avalon Aero's technical director, says: "Ashtead's engineers recommended the IPLEX Videoscope and the device proved extremely useful, providing quick visual access to the internal components of aircraft engines. Our investigations did not find any ash within the engines and this evidence was extremely reassuring to our clients." Predictive maintenance is far from guesswork. The combination of available technologies and astute plant engineering is proving a genuine foundation for reduced downtime, repairs and costs. bag the benefits of bearings At its Rochester, Kent, production site, Tarmac Trupak produces bagged sand for the construction market. The company's main sand bagging machine processes around 1,000 bags every hour, meaning any downtime is highly costly. The abrasive nature of the sand, and the fact that the sand being processed is often wet, was causing damage to the bearings – resulting in downtime of two to three hours every five weeks. The company needed bearings which could withstand the harsh environment. Maintenance supervisor Kevin Taylor spoke to his local Brammer branch, which supplied all the maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) equipment to the Rochester site. Brammer recommended replacing the bearings with solid oil bearings which are more robust and less susceptible to the ingress of sand and water. The impact on production uptime was immediate – with bearings lasting a minimum of two to three months before needing replacement – and in some cases as long as five months. Taylor commented: "Using the old bearings we could never be sure when one might fail and often we would need to replace all four bearings in a machine at one time, with impact on the entire production process. Now we know that in terms of bearings, production will be uninterrupted for at least two months and we can schedule a replacement when it suits us. Even then, in many cases, the solid oil bearings are still perfectly serviceable. "Thanks to Brammer, we have solved a major production issue and maximised machine uptime."